Smith, William. Once again, Penelope is wise and patient in her decision-making. However, Penelope is not a pasteboard figure. Rosy-Fingered Dawn is an epithet from Homers Odyssey, a portent of new beginnings in an ongoing journey. Penelope has no epithets that begin with polu. 39 chapters | Scholia on Homers Odyssey 1.275, 1.277, 4.797. The Odyssey describes Odysseus' long. 100; Herodotus, Histories 2.145; Cicero, On the Nature of the Gods 3.56; Apollodorus, Epitome 7.38; Hyginus, Fabulae 224; Servius on Virgils Aeneid 2.44; John Tzetzes on Lycophrons Alexandra 772. Penelope is a loyal and patient character. Antinoos being aware of this, and admitting to it, is testament to Penelopes smarts. The Odyssey, Book 19, lines 99-104. 17.45 steady Telemachus. Penelope's bright mind, even though she is mortal, is often represented by rhetorical questions that are posed by various characters throughout the story. In this chapter, I am . A major point includes The Trojan War because it focuses in on Odysseus journey to bring Helen back home by devising a plan to destroy warriors in the city. In one tradition, known only from commentators writing in late antiquity, the infant Penelope was thrown into the sea by either her own parents or by Nauplius, a neighboring king. In all of this she stayed strong and independent, and despite the pressure of the suitors she stayed loyal to Odysseus, even when she didnt even know if he was alive or not. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. Famous for her beauty as well as her intelligence and faithfulness, Penelope was often seen as the model wife in the ancient world. In the beginning, Odysseus and Telemachus kill the maids, Penelope was mentioned to had slept through the mayhem because she had been given a drug by Eurycleia to keep her out of the action and stop her from interfering. It does not store any personal data. Cf. After Odysseus becomes enraged when Penelope asks the maid to make his bed outside, she realizes that he knows the secret that only Odysseus and her share. Additionally, he has direct control over his mother despite the fact that she is older. She is married to Odysseus, the protagonist of the poem; together, they have a son named Telemachus. What happens to Eumaeus in this setting is abduction by a Sidonian woman. 1.24 the great Odysseus. Were building the worlds most authoritative, online mythology resource, with engaging, accessible content that is both educational and compelling to read. The epithets used throughout the poem show how Penelope's strength and cleverness that allow her to manipulate the suitors and avoid marriage. Women are important to the plot and overall theme of the Odyssey. Using her cunning, she managed to hold off the suitors for years. They stole the suitors weapons and arranged for them to be locked in the main hall. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. So far I have argued that Penelope's myths, above all the Pandareid myths, have special affinity to their poetic environment in the Odyssey, namely a crisis and a turning point from dissolution to "light and life," which in the Odyssey is marked by the festival of Apollo. . Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Like. Her lie gives Odysseus a crucial advantage in the physical fight against the suitors as he comes back to a city and household where Penelope. Free shipping for many products! B. Tauris, 2008. All rights reserved. Penelope, in Greek mythology, a daughter of Icarius of Sparta and the nymph Periboea and wife of the hero Odysseus. Others have argued that Penelopes name came from the Greek word pnelops, which is a kind of duck. Penelope is one of the most important characters in the Odyssey. Whenever people hear the word hero, they portray in their minds a perfect person, who always choose the correct decisions, and saves many people; but not all heroes demonstrate a flawless life and deserve the title hero. This remains the most important source for her myth. 123) His words express that not only has Penelope deceived them already, she is quite capable of doing it again. She understands that she may not be able to physically fight the suitors but she can trick them until Telemachus or Odysseus are able to. 17.552 alert Penelope. Meanwhile, back in Ithaca, Odysseus was presumed dead. While Penelope speaks of disappearance and loss, her diction and the context of her prayer hint that there is a possibility of re-emergence and return. Many readers admire Odysseys heroic qualities, ignoring the fact Odyssey also had weaknesses. Enrolling in a course lets you earn progress by passing quizzes and exams. 2022 Wasai LLC. When Penelope announced the test of the bow, none of the suitors could accomplish the task. After the wedding, Odysseus brought Penelope to his modest island kingdom of Ithaca. He always used this phrase to describe Dawn, and the way she would cast light upon the world. https://mythopedia.com/topics/penelope, Avi Kapach is a writer, scholar, and educator who received his PhD in Classics from Brown University. Modern authors have sometimes tried to problematize this double standard: Atwoods Penelope, for example, expresses bitterness at being faithful to a fault for twenty years while her husband felt no obligation to do the same. From the Greek term that means "added," it is a useful literary or rhetorical device when describing a character for the reader. Ten of those years were spent fighting the Trojan Warthe trick of the Trojan Horse, which led to a Greek victory, was his ideabut nobody had heard from him since. Later in the poem, Penelope sets up an archery contest that she knows only Odysseus would be able to win. The epithets applied to Dawn, Athena, Hermes, Zeus, Penelope, Telemachus, Odysseus, and the suitors repeat over and over in the original. Patroclus was Achilles dear friend and quite different from him. Chaucers Wife of Bath has similar independence and cunning, but she makes her name as a domineering lady that chooses who she wants, and when she wants them. A characteristic of Homer's style is the use of epithets, as in "rosy-fingered" Dawn or "swift-footed" Achilles.Epithets are used because of the constraints of the dactylic hexameter (i.e., it is convenient to have a stockpile of metrically fitting phrases to add to a name) and because of the oral transmission of the poems; they are mnemonic aids to the singer and the audience alike. Telegony (fragments); Hyginus, Fabulae 127. 476 lessons. The same themes turn out to be not only appropriate for the festival of Apollo, but essential to it, so that both Penelope and Odysseus seem inseparable from the festival, not in the sense that there could never be an, http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:hul.ebook:CHS_Levaniouk.Eve_of_the_Festival.2011, 1. Eurycleia in The Odyssey by Homer | Who is Eurycleia? In the early years of Odysseus' absence, Penelope delays her suitors by arguing that Odysseus will soon return and then by creating an enormous piece of needlework in her chambers. "The storm-tossed great Odysseus" is a very appropriate epithet since it describes Odysseus' long journey on the sea towards home. Once again, Odysseus was absent from Ithaca for many years, though he eventually returned. On Ogygia, Kalypso questions Odysseus about why he would want to still go home to his mortal wife after all his years with her, and she says Can mortals compare with goddesses in grace and form? (V. 223) while talking about Penelope. Homer (eighth century BCE): Penelope is one of the main characters in the Odyssey, especially the epics second half. She also wished to protect the inheritance of her son Telemachus, who was just entering adulthood. John Tzetzes on Lycophrons Alexandra 792. The way, While Antinoos tells stories of Penelopes scheming he says Does she intend to keep us dangling forever? (II. Homer, Odyssey 18.2025, trans. She does very little but lie in bed and weep. In some alternatives to the familiar Homeric account, Penelope was not faithful to Odysseus while he was away. Penelope is fuming with anger over how Melantho has mistreated the beggar, as she is anxious to hear news of her husband from . She worries that Odysseus prefers Helen to her. Arnaka)[3], or Arnaea (Greek , translit. Thus in the Odyssey books 1 - 4 you will find several epithets including "bright eyed Athena" "sensible" Telemachus, "rosy fingered dawn" and "wise" Penelope. Acknowledge this factor when reading The Odyssey, for not only evidence of heroism, but also other major points of archetypes, in which the device reflects the insights of readers in modern time and what is seen from Ancient Greek culture. Throughout all this time, her suitors remain at her house, eating and drinking and generally proving to be a very costly problem. Penelope. In A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology. Wilson does the same with the stock epithets of all the characters of the Odyssey, major as . 139) Penelope is not only extraordinarily clever, but she is also a caring and loyal mother. The Odyssey Quotes Showing 1-30 of 235. She remains faithful to him during his absence and is overwhelmed with love when she finally recognizes him again. Penelope is mortal, yet Odysseus still chooses her because she has still surpassed her weaknesses in a way that compels her husband to choose her instead of an immortal. Indeed, Odysseus return journey had been fraught with peril and setbacks: he spent ten years wandering the seas, losing all of his ships and men in the process. A man named Theoclymenus says this to Penelope, but she is hesitant to believe him. She is also honorable, as she is never unfaithful to Odysseus during his twenty-year absence. Penelopes bright mind, even though she is mortal, is often represented by rhetorical questions that are posed by various characters throughout the story. When Penelope and Odysseus are reunited, Odysseus kills his wife's other suitors. 1 Answer/Comment. Another instance in which Penelope upholds the patriarchal Greek values is in The Penelopiad, an account of The Odyssey, which shows the events of The Odyssey in the eyes of Penelope. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. 17.16 subtle Odysseus. Laertes lives away from the city, sorrowful for his missing son. The goddess, bright-eyed, the brilliant one, wise one, and the swift one are just a few of the words used in English. Hesychius, s.v. 1.30 the Sea-lord (Poseidon) 1.33 the father of men and gods (Zeus) 1.34 handsome Aegisthus. The epithet for Penelope is virtuous, noble thoughts, execution . This really proves how trustworthy Penelope really is stating how no one else had been in their bed. [29], As the suitors grew increasingly persistent, Penelope devised crafty ways to delay them. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Through cunning, independence and loyalty, Penelope is able to create a positive image as a woman. She is mortal after all and you, you never age or dieNevertheless I long-I pine, all my days-to travel home and see the dawn of my return (Book V, lines 239-243). Penelope is able manipulate the suitors that have come to pursue her in Odysseuss absence. There are also many important things that other characters say to or about Penelope over the course of the poem: Penelope is a character who is highly respected by those around her. At the moment, both possibilities are open, though the solar theme implicit in the scene presages, at least for the external audience, the outcome of the coming trial. Odysseus, for instance, is very often referred to as ''Odysseus, noble son of Laertes.'' He later discovers that his mother, Antikleia, has passed away, due to mourning him, however, his father still lives. Pherecydes, FHG 1 F 88 (cited in the scholia on Apollonius of Rhodes Argonautica 1.101ff). () Penelope's spirit is one of concentration" (108). Penelope is an extremely clever woman who could match Odysseus in his wit. pnelops.. Pnelpeia) has been disputed since antiquity. a traditional story that reflects a culture's beliefs about its origins or about an element of nature; does not have a known author; has been passed down orally from ancient times Zeus king of the gods and ruler of mankind; god of the sky Hera queen of the gods; wife of Zeus Athena Most notably, Margaret Atwoods The Penelopiad (2005) tells the story of Homers Odyssey from Penelopes point of view. She uses cunning to avoid remarriage, because she still believes that Odysseus will come home, and moreover, she still loves him. . Penelope also loves her son, Telemachus, but she knows that he is too young and nave to be able to help her fend off her suitors. Pausanias (ca. When Odysseus fails to return home promptly from the ten-year Trojan War, 108 other suitors try to win Penelope's hand in marriage. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Penelope, his wife, is greatly affected; as many greedy suitors disrespect her and move into their home to try and win her hand in marriage. She only has one son with Odysseus, Telemachus, who was born just before Odysseus was called to fight in the Trojan War. Mythopedia. Two of the world's oldest poems, Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, take it as their inspiration. When Odysseus told her that this was impossible, as he had built the bed out of a living olive tree (a fact that only the real Odysseus could have known), Penelope knew it was really him.[33]. "The Odyssey" (Gr: "Odysseia") is the second of the two epic poems attributed to the ancient Greek poet Homer (the first being "The Iliad" ), and usually considered the second extant work of Western literature. Penelope Though she has not seen Odysseus in twenty years, and despite pressure the suitors place on her to remarry, Penelope never loses faith in her husband. [35], When Odysseus came home and discovered that Penelope had been unfaithful, he either banished her,[36] killed her,[37] or left Ithaca to continue his wanderings.[38]. Penelope and Odysseus by Ugo da Carpi after Raphael (ca. Accessed on 2 Mar. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Learn about Penelope, the wife of Odysseus from the ''Odyssey.'' Log in for more information. Ancient commentators have noted that, in some sources, Penelopes original name was Ameirace (Greek , translit. . Her father Icarius challenged the men to a footrace and promised his daughter to the winner, who turned out to be Odysseus. Through epithets and cultural aspects, "The Odyssey" by Homer, Robert Fitzgerald's translation, illustrates an opposition between the [Cyclops] and hospitable men. Most people think of a hero as a strong, superior, good-looking person that could never make a mistake. . Soon they had a son named Telemachus. Though under immense pressure to remarryeven her father and brothers wanted her to do so[27]Penelope was determined to remain faithful to Odysseus. This is the moment when Penelope finally admits to Odysseus that she recognizes them and they manage to restart their lives together. Penelope was the famous queen of Ithaca in Greek mythology, for Penelope was the wife of the Greek hero Odysseus. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. "The Odyssey" is a narrative poem written by Homer (around 800 and 600 BCE) to show the numerous adventures and experiences Odysseus goes through. So she came up with a clever test: she told her servants to bring Odysseus bed outside to the main hall so that he could sleep there. Telegony frag. (2022, December 8). Penelope, in the Odyssey, is recognized as the quintessential faithful wife. Penelope is a very well portrayed character and she is needed in the story to be someone Odysseus could always be someone to come back, But now since you have given me accurate proof describing our bed, which no other mortal man beside has ever seen, but only you and I so you persuade my heart, though it has been very stubborn (Homers Odyssey, book 23. lines 225-230). He did, however, speak to her privately one night. For example her determination to wait and to mislead the suitors for so long shows that she had great intelligence and perseverance. It would seem that H. is here homing in on a conclusion, . She is a complicated woman with a wry sense . Penelope. In Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, vol. In the narrative and in Greek society women played a variety of roles, as mothers, herons, and many other strong roles yet, they were treated as less significant, and were made to be loyal and . Athena or Athene, often given the epithet Pallas, is an ancient Greek goddess associated with wisdom, handicraft, and warfare who was later syncretized with the Roman goddess Minerva. There, Telemachus married Circe, while Telegonus married Penelope. The repeated use of a word or phrase for the same person, place, or object. She asks a servant to move the bed that she and Odysseus once shared, but Odysseus interrupts and says that moving the bed will be impossible, because one of its legs is a living olive tree. She has also appeared in film and television adaptations of the Odyssey, including the film Ulysses (1954), the miniseries The Odyssey (1997), and several episodes of the 1990s television series Xena: Warrior Princess. Some have attempted to derive the name from the Greek word (pn), meaning weft or loom.[1] This would make Penelope the weaveress, an apt moniker that reflects both the literal weaving that plays an important role in her myth (see below), as well as her more metaphorical weaving of cunning plots to fend off her suitors. Penelope By Avi Kapach Last updated on Dec 8, 2022 Overview Penelope was a beautiful princess from Sparta, best known for marrying the hero Odysseus. Penelope also has a sense of humor. . During this time, suitors came from far and wide to seek Penelopes hand in marriage, but she remained unwaveringly loyal to her husband (at least in the familiar tradition). It is a tag or nickname that can be used on its own or together with the real name. Each person has their low points and highlights, regardless of their rank. There were different versions of what exactly she did, as well as her ultimate fate. Privacy Policy, http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e912970, https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0104%3Aalphabetic+letter%3DP%3Aentry+group%3D13%3Aentry%3Dpenelope-bio-1. She is the daughter of Icarius and Perioboea and the mother of Telemachus. In the odysseus, penelope was viewed as innocent and naive.after penelope handed the odysseus's arrow to emmaus for the suitor to try and win the challenge, Telemachus comment about her mother has no respect for her as if she was unimportant and naive. Penelope may have good mythological reasons for assuming the role of a solar consort to Odysseus: it is not an. There is an island called Syria, perhaps you have heard of it. When Odysseus finally did make it back to Ithaca, he killed the suitors and was at last reunited with his beloved wife. The story follows the journey of Odysseus, King of Ithaca, who wandered for 10 years while trying to return home from the Trojan War. Odysseus doesnt simply utter his name; rather, he attaches to it an epithet, or short, descriptive title (raider of cities), his immediate paternal ancestry (Laertess son), and a reference to his homeland (who makes his home in Ithaca) ( 9 . Mackail, J. W. Penelope in the Odyssey. Her intelligence and wisdom are evidenced through the various schemes that she concocts to prevent remarriage, including weaving and unweaving a shroud, conducting an archery contest, and asking a trick question. lessons in math, English, science, history, and more. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Eustathius on Homers Odyssey 1.344; scholia on Homers Odyssey 4.797 (citing Didymus). In Homers The Odyssey, Penelope is a good match for Odysseus because she is clever, and she shows that cleverness when she stalls the suitors by weaving the burial shroud, when she devises the contest with, Unlike Odysseus Penelope is confined by the gender roles of her time and cannot use physical strength against the suitors or even direct verbal rejection, instead Penelope resorts to her emotional resilience and wit in order to challenge the suitors. Pindar, frag. When the suitors begin invading her house and asking, then demanding, her hand in marriage, Penelope knows she must handle them herself. Penelope uses her intelligence and slyness again as she tells them whoever wins an archery contest using Odysseus bow, which only he could use, she would marry. The Odyssey, an epic poem written by Homer, is one of the best examples. Telemakhos is the courageous son of Odysseus who goes on a quest in search for information about his fathers whereabouts. London: Spottiswoode and Company, 1873. Book II Summary: At daybreak, Telemachus calls an assembly of the suitors and other islanders. Odysseus says this to Calypso, proving that he wants more than anything to return home to her. Only Odysseusstill disguised as a lowly beggarwas able to string the bow and shoot an arrow through the axe rings. Penelope characterizes Helen as vain, cruel, and flirtatious. She uses her cunning to fend off 108 other suitors who are vying for her hand on the assumption that Odysseus is either dead or is never going to return. The Return of Ulysses: A Cultural History of Homers Odyssey. This is the final proof that Penelope needs that her husband really is the man she once knew. A preoccupation with "escape" is central to the novel, reflecting one of the essential themes of the epic and the specialty of its hero. Throughout the Odyssey, Odysseus a prominent Greek epic hero is on a quest to return back to his home in Ithaca; to his wife Penelope, and his son Telemachus. Despite these offers, Odysseus never wavered in his desire to return to his wife and son. Character Analysis Penelope. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. It was probably composed near the end of the 8th Century BCE and is, in part, a sequel to "The Iliad". 103-104, 112-113) Penelopes actions are strategic and well calculated. She knows that nobody could possibly accomplish this feat except Odysseus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". a. allows suspense to build c. foreshadows the ending b. Pausanias, Description of Greece 8.12.6; Apollodorus, Epitome 7.35. HOMER / The Odyssey, Book One 273 05_273-611_Homer 2/Aesop 7/10/00 1:25 PM Page 273 Page 2 of 339. children and fools, they killed and feasted on the cattle of Lord Hlios,2 the Sun, and he who moves all day through heaven took from their eyes the dawn of their return. High School World History: Tutoring Solution, History of Ancient Greece: Tutoring Solution, Who is the Greek God Hephaestus? And in the Trojan myths in general, Odysseus (1) tries to avoid going to war, (2) exposes Achilles so that he has to go to war, (3) and frames Palamedes for treason to get back at him for making sure that he went to war. Misfortunes befall him on numerous occasions, turning what should have been a journey of a few months into ten years. The suitors pursued her, overtook her home and aggressively pushed her to remarry as she was supposed to. 110ca. It suggests we must both be educated well when we are Telemachus' age, and prepared, as we become Odysseus' and Penelope's ages and older, to apply that education in our lives when the going gets rough. I would definitely recommend Study.com to my colleagues. In some versions, Penelope slept with either Apollo, Hermes, or all of the suitors who came to court her in Odysseus absence. [6] Her mother was either a Naiad named Periboea,[7] Ortilochus daughter Dorodoche,[8] Eurypylus daughter Asterodia,[9] or Lygaeus daughter Polycasta. At some points, she even wished for death: Would that pure Artemis would even now give so soft a death, that I might no more waste my life away with sorrow at heart, longing for the manifold excellence of my dear husband, for that he was pre-eminent among the Achaeans. Penelope is likewise unwilling to believe that Odysseus is dead, no matter how long she has to wait for him. An epithet is a descriptive term or qualifier that identifies an attribute. It not only includes an insight on the adventures and return of Odysseus, but it also includes the stories of Telemakhos and Penelope. To further ensure that Penelope does not get in the way of the killing of the maids, Odysseus made sure that all the women were locked securely into the womens quarter, including Penelope. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996. Kapach, Avi. Unfortunately, when they finally met, the father and son did not recognize each other, and Telegonus killed Odysseus. She upholds the Greek values, as her role as a woman is clearly defined, as shown through how she does what Telemachus tells her to do and does not come between the males problems and affairs. She tells her suitors that she will marry the man who can string Odysseus' bow and shoot an arrow through the holes in twelve axes. Shes most upset about Odysseuss failure to return home: Shes perpetually crying and expressing her grief. Her kleos is identified through the epithets associated with her, namely her virtue, noble thoughts, excellence, constancy, and clever schemes. Minerva Removes the Doubts of Penelope by Theodoor van Thulden, after Francesco Primaticcio (16321633). The etymology of the name Penelope (Greek , translit. In this paper we analyse Oedipus' appearance during Odysseus' tale in book 11 of Homer's Odyssey in order to outline and test a methodology for appreciating the poetic and thematic implications of moments when 'extraneous' narratives or traditions appear in the Homeric poems. But she is central to the Odyssey, which remains the most important source for her myth. He then took Penelope and Telemachus with him to his mothers island of Aeaea. Another reason this shows we can trust Penelope is because before this scene Odysseus went through all the trouble to find out if she was faithful or not and then she continues with the same thing that Odysseus had found out. She is 'the bright of women,' but her constant epithets are 'exceeding wise,' and 'self-controlled'; a word which conveys a sort of power . Back in Sparta, Penelopes cousin Helen had left her husband Menelaus for the Trojan prince Paris. What is an epithet in the Odyssey Book 9? What's more, Odysseus' cunning is almost matched by the intelligence of his wife Penelope, who manages to remain loyal to Odysseus and stave off her suitors in his absence through trickery and cunning. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Felson, Nancy. It speaks to the opening of this new exhibition space in an academic realm with visionary and pedagogical potential. However, both of these methods eventually lose their effectiveness, so she tries something else. Penelope's defining myth of the weaving of the shroud is her most recognized deceit for which she is praised. The two are able to continue their marriage happily. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Odysseus is a warrior in the Trojan War, and the Odyssey covers his return home after many long years. An error occurred trying to load this video. Published online 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e912970. In what appears to have been a well-known tradition, Odysseus had no sooner returned to Ithaca than he was forced to leave again on another odyssey, this time to do penance for blinding Poseidons son Polyphemus. The epithets associated with Penelope throughout the poem include: These epithets, some of which are repeated many times, give a good sense of her personality. Epithets in the Odyssey. Strabo (64/63 BCEca. Her kleos is identified through the epithets associated with her, namely her virtue, noble thoughts, excellence, constancy, and clever schemes. However, as a . c. The swineherd Eumaeus discovers Odysseus' identity. When Odysseus encounters Antikelias ghost in the underworld, he says to his mother, Tell me about the wife I married, what she wants, what she is thinking (Book 11, lines 176-177). How Does Penelope Use Epithets In The Odyssey, All throughout history, the stories of heroes and their extraordinary accomplishes have been told in various different ways. Watch Penelope greet Odysseus in an excerpt of the reunion scene in Homer's Odyssey See all videos for this article Throughout the book we are told stories to show how wise Odysseus is, but is shown that he can be out smarted. In addition, the novel's main female character shares similar characteristics with Penelope. Question|Asked by monkeylikesbananas. Some critics dismiss Penelope as a paragon of marital fidelity a serious and industrious character, a devoted wife and mother, but one who lacks the fascination and zest for life that some of Homers immortal women display.

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