This condition is called pachyosteosclerosis, and whales are the only mammals known to have such a heavily thickened involucrum. American Zoologist 41, 487-506. If blue whales built statues to each other theyd be smaller then these.Simon Hoggart (b. So why do these embryos look so much alike? deer, camel, pigs) and appears to be adapted for running at high speeds. However, the close grouping of whales with hippopotami in cladistic analyses only surfaces following the deletion of Andrewsarchus, which has often been included within the mesonychids. However, as the order is also renamed for Mesonyx, the term "mesonychid" is now used to refer to members of the entire order Mesonychia and the species of other families within it. Like the Paleocene family Arctocyonidae, mesonychids were once viewed as primitive carnivorans, and the diet of most genera probably included meat or fish. > given that mesonychian meat processing really didn't seem Based on the skull sizes of Pakicetus specimens, and to a lesser extent on composite skeletons, species of Pakicetus are thought to have been 1 to 2 meters in length (4 to 5 feet). The bulla is the bone of the skull that formed the floor of a cavity that housed the middle ear ossicles (the malleus, incus, and stapes). Basilosaurus is characterized by extremely elongate vertebrae (three times as long as those in most other basilosaurids, relative to vertebral width), a very high degree of flexibility in the vertebral column, a high number of vertebrae, and an incredibly elongate body form in general. While preparing the underside of the skull ofIndohyus, a student in Thewissens lab broke off the section covering the inner ear. Mesonychidae Unlike all modern and possibly all other fossil cetaceans, it had four fully functional, long legs. Huxley in 1871, Darwin asked whether the ancient whale might represent a transitional form. Adapted fromWritten in Stone: Evolution, the Fossil Record, and Our Place in Nature, by Brian Switek. To me, a layman, the skull compares much better to entelodonts than to *Mesonyx* and kin. Mesonychids - Phylogeny and Evolutionary Relationships - Relationship Given these uncertainties, we have decided to focus on the genus Pakicetus, instead of any particular species. Its skeleton bears no evidence that it could move fast in the water. Since other predators, such as creodonts and Carnivora, were either rare or absent in these animal communities, mesonychids most likely dominated the large predator niche in the Paleocene of eastern Asia. The only tail vertebra found is long, making it likely that the tail was also long. Mesonychids were not the ancestors of whales, and hippos are now known to be the closest living relatives to whales. Kids Start Forgetting Early Childhood Around Age 7, Archaeologists Discover Wooden Spikes Described by Julius Caesar, 5,000-Year-Old Tavern With Food Still Inside Discovered in Iraq, Artificial Sweetener Tied to Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke, Study Finds, The Surprisingly Scientific Roots of Monkey Bars. (1988) to name a new clade, Hapalodectini, which they regarded as the sister-taxon to a (mesonychid + (Andrewsarchus + cetacean)) clade (that's right, they regarded Andrewsarchus as the sister-taxon to Cetacea). Upload your study docs or become a member. But the conflict was not without hope of resolution. Some mesonychids are reconstructed as predatory (comparable to canids), others as scavengers or carnivore-scavengers with bone-crushing adaptations to their teeth (comparable to the large hyenas), and some as omnivorous (comparable to pigs, humans, or black bears). They were endemic to North America and Eurasia during the Early Paleocene to the Early Oligocene, and were the earliest group of large carnivorous mammals in Asia. In the space of just three decades, a flood of new fossils has filled in the gaps in our knowledge to turn the origin of whales into one of the best-documented examples of large-scale evolutionary change in the fossil record. mesonychids limbs and tailokinawan sweet potato tempura recipe. Mesonychia ("middle claws ") is an extinct taxon of small- to large-sized carnivorous ungulates related to artiodactyls. Pioneers who cleared land in Alabama and Arkansas frequently found enormous round bones. Glad you tooted. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15, 387-400. Good remains of P. ossifraga show that it was a large animal of 60-70 kg [skull of Sinonyx jiashanensis from Late Paleocene China shown below, from Zhou et al. In Benton, M. J. Szalay, F. S. & Gould, S. J. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15, 855-859. Many species are suspected of being fish-eaters, though some of these reconstructions may be influenced by earlier theories that the group was ancestral to cetaceans. 3 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 5 /H [ 677 158 ] /L 5375 /E 5050 /N 1 /T 5198 >> endobj xref 3 14 0000000016 00000 n 0000000624 00000 n 0000000835 00000 n 0000000988 00000 n 0000001184 00000 n 0000001289 00000 n 0000001393 00000 n 0000001499 00000 n 0000001552 00000 n 0000002666 00000 n 0000003413 00000 n 0000004908 00000 n 0000000677 00000 n 0000000815 00000 n trailer << /Size 17 /Info 2 0 R /Root 4 0 R /Prev 5189 /ID[<4e5292bec552ff6cdecba3d79dd8a517><4e5292bec552ff6cdecba3d79dd8a517>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 4 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 1 0 R >> endobj 15 0 obj << /S 36 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 16 0 R >> stream Some of the sediment attached to the bone contained small shells that showed that the large creature had once lived in an ancient sea, but little more could be said with any certainty. [1], Mesonychids possess unusual triangular molar teeth that are similar to those of Cetacea (whales and dolphins), especially those of the archaeocetes, as well as having similar skull anatomies and other morphologic traits. At last, whales could be firmly rooted in the mammal evolutionary tree. Mesonychids possess unusual triangular molar teeth that are similar to those of Cetacea (whales and dolphins), especially those of the archaeocetids, as well as having similar skull anatomies and other morphologic traits. 49 million years old. 2009. mesonychids limbs and tail. There was no straight-line march of terrestrial mammals leading up to fully aquatic whales, but an evolutionary riot of amphibious cetaceans that walked and swam along rivers, estuaries and the coasts of prehistoric Asia. How the Whale Lost Its Legs And Returned To the Sea mesonychids limbs and tail. -Kyle Reese, the Terminator A number of other mesonychian taxa have conventionally been included within Mesonychidae. Some settlers used them as fireplace hearths; others propped up fences with the bones or used them as cornerstones; slaves used the bones as pillows. In freshwater sediments dating to about 53 million years ago, the researchers recovered the fossils of an animal they calledPakicetus inachus. The only tail vertebra found is long, making it likely that the tail was also long. Size: Cooper, L.N., Thewissen, J.G.M., and Hussain, S.T. They had large heads with relatively long necks. ("8v`HaU The sound passage via the external ear of Pakicetus was intact and was similar to that of other mammals. as compared with mesonychids. One branch of the ungulate family, called the mesonychids, were predators. This page was last updated at 2022-07-17 03:07 UTC. For more than a century, our knowledge of the whale fossil record was so sparse that no one could be certain what the ancestors of whales looked like. The semi-aquatic otters and beavers, he claimed, were better alternative models for the earliest terrestrial ancestors of whales. The order is sometimes referred to by its older name "Acreodi". The skull ofPakicetusexhibited just this condition. Untitled Document [eweb.furman.edu] Mesonychidae (meaning "middle claws") is an extinct family of small to large-sized omnivorous-carnivorous mammals. O'Leary, M. A. Part I! Mesonychids first appeared in the early Paleocene, went into a sharp decline at the end of the Eocene, and died out entirely when the last genus, Mongolestes, became extinct in the early Oligocene. Nature 361:444-445. It had a long muzzle, teeth that were very similar to later archaeocetes, a reduced . What springs to mind when you think of a whale? 1995. Many species are suspected of being fish-eaters, though some of these reconstructions may be influenced by earlier theories that the group was ancestral to cetaceans. But, because they are mammals, we know that they must . It was presented as a stumpy-legged, seal-like creature, an animal caught between worlds. However, as the order is also renamed for Mesonyx, the term "mesonychid" is now used to refer to members of the entire order Mesonychia and the species of other families within it. "Triisodontidae" may be paraphyletic. 2_%v>sr&u ! It's on the blood-feeding behaviour of, So sorry for the very short notice. The order is sometimes referred to by its older name Acreodi. Adult fish, chickens, dogs, and lizards don't look much like humans. Invasion of the marsupial weasels, dogs, cats and bears or is it? See you there. Advertising Notice Technically speaking, the term "mesonychid" refers specifically only to the members of the family Mesonychidae, such as the species of the genus Mesonyx. As in most land mammals, the nose was situated at the tip of the snout. USA Distributor of MCM Equipment mesonychids limbs and tail The fossil remains of such a creature remained elusive. harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJordiAnton2002 (, J. D. Archibald. ), Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America 1:292-331, "The Mammals that Conquered the Seas; New Fossils and DNA Analyses Elucidate the Remarkable History of Whales", "Relationships of Cetacea (Artiodactyla) Among Mammals: Increased Taxon Sampling Alters Interpretations of Key Fossils and Character Evolution", Mammoths, Sabertooths, and Hominids: 65 Million Years of Mammalian Evolution in Europe, "Mesonychids from Lushi Basin, Henan Province, China", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesonychidae&oldid=1049612098, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 12 October 2021, at 20:41. References Consulted: The mesonychids mentioned here are not, of course, the only members of the group. Mesonychid - Wikipedia Cope admitted in an 1890 review of whales: The order Cetacea is one of those of whose origin we have no definite knowledge. This state of affairs continued for decades. There were bone-cracking scavengers, small jackal or fox-like generalists, large wolf-like hunters, and so on. He'll find her! Mesonychids were the first mammalian carnivores after the extinction of the dinosaurs.. Mesonychids are a mostly Eocene group that originated in the Paleocene; Mesonyx, from the Middle Eocene of North America, was the first member of the group to be named (Cope published the name in . They were also most diverse in Asia where they occur in all major Paleocene faunas. Cetaceans, like many other mammals, have ear bones enclosed in a dome of bone on the underside of their skulls called the auditory bulla. %PDF-1.2 % [4] [5] Like other mesonychids, the toes ended in small hooves. The fossil record was so sparse that no definite determination could be made, but in a thought experiment included inOn the Origin of Species, Darwin speculated about how natural selection might create a whale-like creature over time: In North America the black bear was seen by [the explorer Samuel] Hearne swimming for hours with widely open mouth, thus catching, like a whale, insects in the water. It was assigned to Creodonta by Cope (1880); to Creodonta by Cope (1889); to Carnivora by Peterson (1919); to Mesonychia by Carroll (1988) and Zhou et al. [11] The similarity in dentition and skull may be the result of primitive ungulate structures in related groups independently evolving to meet similar needs as predators; some researchers have suggested that the absence of a first toe and a reduced metatarsal are basal features (synapomorphies) indicating that mesonychids, perissodactyls, and artiodactyls are sister groups. How? Together with other recently discovered genera likeHimalayacetus,Ambulocetus,Remingtonocetus,Kutchicetus,RodhocetusandMaiacetus, it fits snugly within a collection of archaeocetes that exquisitely document an evolutionary radiation of early whales. Technically speaking, the term "mesonychid" refers specifically only to the members of the family Mesonychidae, such as the species of the genus Mesonyx. You can also shop using Amazon Smile and though you pay nothing more we get a tiny something. Most paleontologists now doubt that whales are descended from mesonychids, and instead suggest mesonychians are descended from basal ungulates, and that cetaceans are descended from advanced ungulates (Artiodactyla), either deriving from, or sharing a common ancestor with, anthracotheres (the semiaquatic ancestors of hippos). [13], This article is about the prehistoric ungulate. [6], Mesonychids varied in size; some species were as small as a fox, others as large as a horse. Ankalagon was larger than Dissacus (though the only known species, A. saurognathus, was originally described as a species of Dissacus) and is sometimes said to have been North America's first large mammalian predator. In C. M. Janis, K. M. Scott, and L. L. Jacobs (eds. Cladistics 15, 315-330. Together these fossil whales hung in a kind of scientific limbo, waiting for some future discovery to connect them with their land-dwelling ancestors. A recent study found mesonychians to be basal euungulates most closely related to the "arctocyonids" Mimotricentes, Deuterogonodon and Chriacus. This conflict between the paleontological and molecular hypotheses seemed intractable. Geisler, J. H. 2001. A few dental similarities shared between Hapalodectes and Dissacus led Prothero et al. - . Modeling Instruction AMTA 1 Unit 3 Evolution The activity Mesonychids first appeared in the early Paleocene, went into a sharp decline at the end of the Eocene, and died out entirely when the last genus, Mongolestes, became extinct in the early Oligocene. Parsimony analysis of total evidence from extinct and extant taxa and the cetacean-artiodactyl question (Mammalia, Ungulata). ? - Triisodontidae. can general dentists do bone grafts; apple tartlets with pillsbury pie crust; what bulbs will squirrels not eat; can cinnamon cause a miscarriage; mesonychids limbs and tail. Other studies define Mesonychia as basal to all ungulates, occupying a position between Perissodactyla and Ferae. Underwater sound would have entered the skull of Pakicetus and caused its bulla to vibrate. The Origin of Whales and the Power of Independent Evidence Its type genus is Mesonyx. 1992, O'Leary & Rose 1995, Rose & O'Leary 1995), and also widespread, with specimens being known from the Paleocene and Eocene of eastern Asia, the Eocene and perhaps Paleocene of North America, and the Eocene of Europe. Nature 458:E1-E4. While the limb proportions and hoof-like phalanges indicate cursoriality, the limbs were relatively stout and show that it cannot have been a long-distance pursuit runner. You are currently at the old, defunct version of Tet Zoo. Yantanglestes from Paleocene Asia (originally described as a species of Dissacus) is also thought to be a basal member of the group. He tentatively assigned it the name Basilosaurus. Recently scientists determined which group of prehistoric artiodactyls gave rise to whales. Early mesonychids probably walked on the flats of their feet (plantigrade), while later ones walked on their toes (digitigrade). That the whole South should commit itself to the principle that the colored people have a right to be educated is an immense acquisition to the cause of popular education.Fannie Barrier Williams (18551944), America loves the representation of its heroes to be not just larger than life, but stupendously, awesomely bigger than anything else. Thewissen, J. G. M., Cooper, L. N., Clementz, M. T., Bajpai, S. & Tiwari, B. N. 2007. Looking at those mesonychid skulls and comparing them to *Andrewsarchus*, I begin to wonder why the latter is usually considered one of the former anyway. Compared to what we're used to in modern mammals, it also seems that mesonychids would have looked big-headed and also long-necked. Originally mistaken for dinosaur fossils, whale bones uncovered in recent years have told us much about the behemoth sea creatures. Nearly all mesonychids are, on average, larger than most of the Paleocene and Eocene creodonts and miacoid carnivorans. However, even though they are similar in appearance to land animals, some consider Mesonychids to be ancestors of whales. [5]. Thus it is unclear if it was an active predator or if instead it ambushed unsuspecting prey that wandered too closely. When the unnerved scientists gathered the fragments, they noticed that the bone now revealed the inner ear. The thickened part of the auditory bulla was suspended from the skull, allowing it to vibrate in response to sound waves propagating through the skull. Some members of the group are known only from skulls and jaws, or have fragmentary postcranial remains. Throughout the 1990s, the skeletons of more or less aquatically adapted ancient whales, or archaeocetes, were discovered at a dizzying pace. ? malleus, incus, stapes), which transmitted the sound to the organ of hearing. (ed) The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 2: Mammals. 2001. USA Distributor of MCM Equipment mesonychids limbs and tail Mesonychidae (meaning "middle claws") is an extinct family of small to large-sized omnivorous-carnivorous mammals. There was rapturous applause, swooning, the delight of millions. He had found vertebrae and other fragments while blasting on his property and also sent off a few samples to the Philadelphia society. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 26:355-370. (1995) found Mongolonyx and Mongolestes (both from Eocene Asia) to be part of this clade as well. Inside Nature's Giants: a major television event worthy of praise and accolade. The eyes of Pakicetus faced to the side and slightly upward. However, recent work indicates that Pachyaena is paraphyletic (Geisler & McKenna 2007), with P. ossifraga being closer to Synoplotherium, Harpagolestes and Mesonyx than to P. gigantea. Reconstructions of pakicetids that followed the discovery of composite skeletons often depicted them with fur; however, given their close relationships with hippos, they more likely had sparse body hair. Is there any hard evidence for the sexual dimorphism - the males having blunt, heavy, bone-crushing teeth, the females having blade-like ones - suggested for *Ankalogon* and *Harpagolestes* in the popular and semi-technical literature? Contributions are fully tax-deductible. In Janis, C. M., Scott, K. M. & Jacobs, L. L. (eds) Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. Harpagolestes and Mesonyx appear to be sister-taxa, and the most derived of mesonychids (O'Leary & Geisler 1999, Geisler 2001, Thewissen et al. Mesonychid | Detailed Pedia Pakicetus has not been found from deposits of the Tethys Sea but instead from adjacent river and floodplain deposits, which also yield bones of land dwelling mammals. Raoellids likeIndohyuswere the closest relatives to whales, with hippos being the next closest relatives to both groups combined. Throughout the Paleocene and Eocene, several genera, including Dissacus, Pachyaena and Mesonyx would radiate out from their ancestral home in Asia and into Europe and North America, where they would give rise to new mesonychid genera. One genus, Dissacus, had successfully spread to Europe and North America by the early Paleocene. They were endemic to North America and Eurasia during the Early Paleocene to the Early Oligocene, and were the earliest group of large carnivorous mammals in Asia.They are not closely related to any living mammals. Harlan traveled to London in 1839 to present Basilosaurus to some of the leading paleontologists and anatomists of the day. Darwin had done no such thing, but the jeering caused him to modify the passage in subsequent editions of the book. Mesonychids e.g. Now the tide has turned. It is my understanding that most of the world was more forested, with far less open grassland than there is now. For previous articles on Paleogene mammals see And for other stuff on neat and obscure fossil mammals see Archibald, J. D. 1998. They were probably active hunters. New York: Fowler & Wells. Mesonyx - Wikipedia There is a grain of truth in the cat versus dog question. For this reason, scientists had long believed that mesonychids were the direct ancestor of Cetacea, but the discovery of . 2006. Summary written by Jonathan Geisler and Melody Ho. Mesonychids could not be studied by molecular biologists because they were extinct, and no skeletal features had been found to conclusively link the archaeocetes to ancient artiodactyls. Even more surprising was that comparisons of these proteins used to determine evolutionary relationships often placed whaleswithinthe Artiodactyla as the closest living relatives to hippos. These forms eventually died out, but not before giving rise to the early representatives of the two groups of whales alive today, the toothed whales and the baleen whales. 1998. > to be up to snuff, compared to modern carnivorans, their This really is the end. [3], The mesonychids were an unusual group of condylarths with a specialized dentition featuring tri-cuspid upper molars and high-crowned lower molars with shearing surfaces. Typified by hooves and sometimes by horns or antlers, today these creatures fill most of the existing niches for large herbivores all over the world. Even in so extreme a case as this, if the supply of insects were constant, and if better adapted competitors did not already exist in the country, I can see no difficulty in a race of bears being rendered, by natural selection, more and more aquatic in their structure and habits, with larger and larger mouths, till a creature was produced as monstrous as a whale. There don't seem to be very many reconstructions of these critters available online.http://viergacht.deviantart.com/art/Harpagolestes-133779748, Very nice, Viergacht! As I recall Prothero et al. & McKenna, M. C. 2007. Mesonychians were long considered to be creodonts, but have now been removed from that order and placed in three families (Mesonychidae, Hapalodectidae, and Triisodontidae), either within their own order, Mesonychia, or within the order Condylarthra as part of the cohort or superorder Laurasiatheria. That's ALL he does! Skull of a new mesonychid (Mammalia, Mesonychia) from the Late Paleocene of China. Inside Nature's Giants: polar bear special, Nick Saunders's Battlefield Archaeology Is Much Better Than Everybody Else's, Dark Matter: what it does, what it doesn't do. Dissacus was a jackal- or wolf-sized mesonychid that occurred throughout the Northern Hemisphere during the Late Paleocene (more than ten species have been named). Not long after the true identity ofBasilosauruswas resolved, Charles Darwins theory of evolution by means of natural selection raised questions about how whales evolved. The Origin of Whales and the Power of Independent Evidence Though these creatures, such as Dimetrodon, looked like reptiles, they were actually the archaic precursors of mammals. Since other carnivores such as the creodonts and Carnivora were either rare or absent in these animal communities, mesonychids most likely dominated the large predator niche in the Paleocene of Asia. One genus, Dissacus, had successfully spread to Europe and North America by the early Paleocene. Clarendon Press (Oxford), pp. Hornbills, hoopoes and woodhoopoes are all similar in appearance and have been classified together in a group termed Bucerotes. And another matter, given that mesonychian meat processing really didn't seem to be up to snuff, compared to modern carnivorans, their traditional characterisation as archaic,'inferior' predators might have some credit after all. While, as noted earlier and elsewhere, Pachyaena and other mesonychids are often imagined as wolf-like, the good data we have on the osteology of this animal show that it was quite different from a canid in many respects. And the theme is what he calls the birth of Modern Conflict Archaeology. Among other taxa, Pachyaena and Sinonyx appear to be successively more basal relative to the Harpagolestes + Mesonyx clade. In Asia, the record of their history suggests they grew gradually larger and more predatory over time, then shifted to scavenging and bone-crushing lifestyles before the group became extinct. We all know why this is, of course: it's because the Earth's oceans float atop the rocks and dirt that make up what we know as, "You still don't get it, do you? Our inability to find limbs and tails was so frustrating that in 2000 we moved from this area, where fossil-bearing strata are beautifully exposed, to the west side of the Sulaiman Range in Balochistan Province. I think the prezygapophyses and postzygapophyses are incorrectly identified in the essay. 1846. Mesonychid taxonomy has long been disputed and they have captured popular imagination as "wolves on hooves," animals that combine features of both ungulates and carnivores. The two most basal taxa are Dissacus and Ankalagon (Archibald 1998, O'Leary 1999, 2001, Geisler & McKenna 2007). 1999. Mesonychid taxonomy has long been disputed and they have captured . Critics took it to mean he was proposing that bears were direct ancestors of whales. Since other predators, such as creodonts and Carnivora, were either rare or absent in these animal communities, mesonychids most likely dominated the large predator niche in the Paleocene of eastern Asia. Mesonychia ("middle claws") is an extinct taxon of small- to large-sized carnivorous ungulates related to artiodactyls. Read more about this topic: Mesonychids, Phylogeny and Evolutionary Relationships, Every man is in a state of conflict, owing to his attempt to reconcile himself and his relationship with life to his conception of harmony. Pakicetus had a long snout; a typical complement of teeth that included incisors, canines, premolars, and molars; a distinct and flexible neck; and a very long and robust tail. In Thewissen, J. G. M. (ed) The Emergence of Whales: Evolutionary Patterns in the Origin of Cetacea. Harpagolestes, known from several North American and Asian species, is a notably robust-skulled mesonychid with proportionally large canines, a deep lower jaw, and relatively broad post-canine teeth that are often heavily worn [skull of H. uintensis shown here, from Szalay & Gould (1966)]. Not to toot my own horn, but I found this article very inspiring. Skulls and teeth have similar features to early whales, and the family was long thought to be the ancestors of cetaceans. The manus of Pachyaena gigantea (Mammalia: Mesonychia). By the time the first mammals evolved 200 million years ago, however, dinosaurs were the dominant vertebrates. The term "mesonychid" is often used to refer to any of the various members of the order Mesonychia, though most experts prefer to use it to refer to the members of the family Mesonychidae, with many experts using the term "mesonychian" to refer to the order as a whole. The head End of preview Want to read all 2 pages? Study of the rest of the skeleton also revealed thatIndohyushad bones marked by a similar kind of thickening, an adaptation shared by mammals that spend a lot of time in the water. Some mesonychids are reconstructed as predatory (comparable to canids), others as scavengers or carnivore-scavengers with bone-crushing adaptations to their teeth (comparable to the large hyenas), and some as omnivorous (comparable to pigs, humans, or black bears). However, the close grouping of whales with hippopotami in cladistic analyses only surfaces on deletion of Andrewsarchus, which has often been included within the mesonychids. Another extinct whale calledSqualodon, a fossil dolphin with a wicked smile full of triangular teeth, similarly hinted that whales had evolved from meat-eating ancestors. Hapalodectidae Systematic Biology 48, 455-490. The current uncertainty may, in part, reflect the fragmentary nature of the remains of some crucial fossil taxa, such as Andrewsarchus.

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