A better understanding in the roles of major hormones in the process of broomrape germination would facilitate the design of feasible control strategies based on either inhibition of broomrape germination during crop cultivation or promotion of suicidal germination in the absence of the crop. Although analytical chemistry methods have failed to detect strigolactones in parasitic plants (Liu et al., 2014), transcriptome sequencing reveals that all known strigolactone genes, both synthesis and perception are present in broomrapes with apparently full-length proteins (Pron et al., 2012; Das et al., 2015). Phytomyza orobanchia is reported to be broomrape-specific and its main action as biocontrol agent is by reduction of broomrape reproductive activity due to their feeding activity on ovules and young seeds. Mol. Germinating seeds of the root parasite Orobanche aegyptiaca Pers. 2021 Apr 11;10(4):746. doi: 10.3390/plants10040746. Control of Orobanche crenata in legumes intercropped with fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Biol. However, hyphae of specific pathogens are able to penetrate the seed coat of broomrape dormant seeds, dissolving the endosperm cell walls and metabolizing the cytoplasm. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.1971.tb01006.x, Stewart, G. R., and Press, M. C. (1990). New infestations can occur through the use of contaminated seeds or machinery and their prevention is essential. The relationship between the organic nitrogen status of Egyptian broomrape and one of its hosts, carrot, was studied by comparing amino acid profiles of leaf and root tissues of nonparasitized and broomrape-parasitized carrot plants and by analyzing amino acid profiles of broomrape at different growth stages. The haustorium and the life cycles of parasitic Orobanchaceae, in Parasitic Orobanchaceae, eds D. M. Joel, J. Gressel, and L. J. Musselman (Heidelberg: Springer Berlin), 2123. Inhibition of shoot branching by new terpenoid plant hormones. doi: 10.1007/s00425-006-0410-1, Zehhar, N., Ingouff, M., Bouya, D., and Fer, A. Recent advances in this research area has led to new, more stable strigolactone analogs and optimization of field application protocols and formulations (Bhattacharya et al., 2009; Zwanenburg et al., 2009; Mwakaboko and Zwanenburg, 2011). Understanding Orobanche and Phelipanche-host plant interactions and developing resistance. Colonization of field pea roots by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduces Orobanche and Phelipanche species seed germination. Effects of environment and sowing date on the competition between faba bean (Vicia faba) and the parasitic weed Orobanche crenata. 168, 294297. Broomrape (Orobanche cumana Wallr.) The advances yielded as intense research made connects the major critical steps of the life cycle of Orobanche, the external factors influencing it either through molecular dialog between the parasite and the crop or the soil and climatic environmental conditions naturally opens the way toward the potential effect of the cropping system in limiting broomrape parasitism: choice of the crop, timing, plant protection, soil perturbation, fertilization, etc. A number of broomrape species are serious agricultural threats. doi: 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2007.00212.x, Prez-de-Luque, A., and Rubiales, D. (2009). 44, 284289. The reduction of ABA:GA ratio induced by stratification (conditioning) is enough to break dormancy and promote germination in dormant seeds of non-parasitic weeds but it is not enough for broomrape, which requires a further decrease in ABA levels induced by the activation of the ABA catabolic gene PrCYP707A1 (Lechat et al., 2012). Effective broomrape control should target the underground mechanisms of crop parasitism in order to meet both the short-term productivity expectations of the farmer and reduction of soil bank in the long run (Figure 1). 13, 478484. doi: 10.1017/S0960258500002671, Lpez-Bellido, R. J., Bentez-Vega, J., and Lpez-Bellido, L. (2009). For broomrape control, this system seeks the simultaneous cultivation of susceptible host species with inhibitory species of broomrape parasitism. (2015). The transfer of nutrients from host to broomrape is performed through a continuous vascular system at the host-parasite interface. Natural pesticides derived of microbial and plant origin are considered to be less harmful because they usually biodegrade quicker, resulting in less pollution-related problems. The haustorium is the key feature of plant parasitism which has evolved independently at least 11 times in angiosperms (Barkman et al., 2007; Westwood et al., 2012; Yang et al., 2015). Plant Dis. In this study, the temperature-dependent relationship was developed into a predictive model based on growing degree-days (GDD) for small broomrape parasitism in red clover. PLoS ONE 7:e49273. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.037, Joel, D. M., Hershenhorn, J., Eizenberg, H., Aly, R., Ejeta, G., Rich, P. J., et al. Though, the effect of L-methionine on internal crop resistance was not studied and requires further investigation. doi: 10.1111/j.1095-8339.1975.tb01645.x, Mwakaboko, A. S., and Zwanenburg, B. hellofresh stock concentrate packets. Dev. Intercropping systems cultivate simultaneously more than one species in close association to take agronomic advantage of biodiversity, competition, and complementarity between them. A quantitative model for loss of primary dormancy and induction of secondary dormancy in imbibed seeds of Orobanche spp. New Phytol. Botany 88, 839849. 65, 560565. Branched broomrape is so destructive in tomatoes that if it is detected in a growers field, quarantine regulations require that the crop be destroyed and the field be disked under, and common sense dictates that a grower rotate out of host crops for many years, said Brad Hanson, UC Cooperative Extension weed specialist, Department of Plant Sciences, UC Davis. Weed Res. Westwood, J. H. (2013). However, results recently arisen from a molecule screening identified phytotoxins that induce the development of anchoring device in broomrape radicles (Cimmino et al., 2014, 2015). doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01787.x. Weed Sci. (2013). The significance of this structure in broomrape parasitism requires further investigation. (2007). (2008). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted B., Pouponneau, K., Yoneyama, K., Montiel, G., Le Bizec, B., et al. Effect of fungal and plant metabolites on broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) (2012). Sci. Fluridone and norflurazon, carotenoid-biosynthesis inhibitors, promote seed conditioning and germination of the holoparasite Orobanche minor. 1, 139146. Bioinspired chitinous material solutions for environmental sustainability and medicine. Barghouthi, S., and Salman, M. (2010). Orobanche aegyptiaca control in tomato fields with sulfonylurea herbicides. Instead an integrated control program including a battery of broomrape-specific measurements is preferable. In addition, this technique generates a considerable amount of plastic waste but the emergence of new materials at low-cost, of biological origin and biodegradable may in the future reduce earth pollution with plastic debris derived from agriculture practices (Fernandez and Ingber, 2013). 155, 728734. The new nomenclature of Orobanche and Phelipanche. Many beneficial organisms are either able to survive the solarization treatment or able to recolonize solarized soil (Sauerborn et al., 1989; Mauromicale et al., 2001). Additional mechanisms that could contribute to the selective action of host-derived strigolactones in broomrape germination could be (1) variations of molecular structure between host-derived and parasite-encoded strigolactones conferring different specificity for different biological functions or (2) different spatial localization inside the broomrape seed for functions of strigolactone detection and strigolactone synthesis (Das et al., 2015). Technol. Commercially available as Bion, field doses of 0.8 kg ha1 are recommended to inhibit P. ramosa parasitism in hemp and tobacco (Gonsior et al., 2004), crops for which resistant varieties are not available. The dynamics of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) parasitism by Orobanche foetida. Ecosyst. Ann. Paris: Dterville. Phelipanche aegyptiaca management in tomato. Riopel, J. L., and Timko, M. P. (1995). Chlorsulfuron resistant transgenic tobacco as a tool for broomrape control. doi: 10.1017/S0960258510000371, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Cimmino, A., Evidente, A., and Rubiales, D. (2013). Sci. However, the efficacy of these molecules has been proved only in laboratory essays. (2007). This technique promotes the host plant to fulfill its required thermal time to flower in a shorter number of days, making the grain filling period shorter. Aber M., Fer A., Salle G. (1983). One plant can produce over 100,000 seeds only 0.3 millimeters long. The dynamics of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) parasitism by Orobanche foetida. The maximum radicle elongation is limited (15 mm) and its viability in the absence of host connection only last a few days after germination has been triggered (Veronesi et al., 2007). Regarding carbon assimilation broomrape takes it from the host phloem mainly in the form of sucrose (Aber et al., 1983; Hibberd et al., 1999). Being deprived of the initiation of autotrophic mode of life, the growth of broomrape seedling toward the host is only sustained by water absorption and remobilization of reserve nutrients from the seed perisperm and endosperm (Joel, 2000; Joel et al., 2012). Once broomrape has established connection with the vascular system of its hosts, broomrape management should be performed quickly to abort at earlier stages the strong parasitic sink for nutrients and water. EM 8884-E Reprinted August 2008 important rotational crop in grass seed production systems. Engineered host crops harboring herbicide-resistance transgenes have not yet been commercialized for broomrape management (Gressel, 20092). Haustorium allows broomrape to attack crops by successive functions, first as host-adhesion organ, and subsequently as invasive organ toward host vascular system where finally establishes vascular continuity allowing the parasite to withdraw water and nutrients from the host (Riopel and Timko, 1995; Joel, 2013). doi: 10.1006/anbo.1998.0629, Johnson, A. W., Rosebery, G., and Parker, C. (1976). doi: 10.1071/SB05009, Thomas, H., Heller, A., Sauerborn, J., and Mller-Stver, D. (1999). 51, 44874503. Seed Sci. 25, 375387. J. Microbiol. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2007.00609.x, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Emeran, A. Both have red eyes and a feathery crest. eCollection 2022. Red clover plants were grown in soil articially infested with small broomrape seed in temperature-con-trolled growth . Before Besides their role as extraorganismal signaling, recent research is uncovering new functions for strigolactones as plant hormone controlling crop development in response to the environment (Gomez-Roldan et al., 2008; Umehara et al., 2008). Nitrogen and carbon relationships between the parasitic weed Orobanche foetida and susceptible and tolerant faba bean lines. Due to the small size of the seeds and their inability to develop autotrophy, the establishment probability of broomrape seedlings is very low. The timing of germination is the most crucial event that obligated parasitic plants face along their life cycle (Figure 2C). The stimulatory capability of crop root exudates is defined by the qualitative and quantitative content of germination-inducing factors and varies across crop species and cultivars. Haustorial connection of broomrape with the root of a weed host In south Texas, broomrape seed germination occurs from December to February. Pectin methylesterase in calli and germinating seeds of Orobanche aegyptiaca. Striga resistance in the wild relatives of sorghum. 8600 Rockville Pike Biol. Biocontrol 47, 245277. Mayer, A. M., and Bar-Nun, N. (1997). These plants are best known by their straw-yellow stems, which are completely free of chlorophyll and have blue, white, or yellow dragon-like flowers. Activity of secreted cell wall-modifying enzymes and expression of peroxidase-encoding gene following germination of Orobanche ramosa. doi: 10.1614/WS-07-049.1, Liu, Q., Zhang, Y., Matusova, R., Charnikhova, T., Amini, M., Jamil, M., et al. Babiker, A. G. T. (2008). Sci. This effect may not be applicable to those broomrape species with preference for classes of germination-inducing factors other than strigolactones (Joel et al., 2011; Auger et al., 2012). It is best recognized by its yellow-to-straw coloured stems completely lacking chlorophyll, bearing yellow, white or blue, snapdragon-like flowers. Res. Biochem. doi: 10.1016/S0044-328X(83)80047-6. Longevity of crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata) seed under soil and laboratory conditions. (Berner et al., 1999; Ahonsi et al., 2003), a close relative of broomrapes, however, broomrape germination is not responsive to ethylene (Joel, 2000). The moths lay their eggs in the flowers. Plant Sci. Pectolytic activity by the haustorium of the parasitic plant Orobanche L. (Orobanchaceae) in host roots. In the following sections we describe the key developmental stages in the subterranean broomrape life cycle. broomrape and bursage relationship. doi: 10.1111/j.1438-8677.1995.tb00830.x, Draie, R., Pron, T., Pouvreau, J.-B., Vronsi, C., Jgou, S., Delavault, P., et al. Figure 1. Broomrape acts as a strong sink, depriving the host from water, mineral, and organic nutrients with the consequent negative impact on the growth of the host plant (Manschadi et al., 1996; Hibberd et al., 1998; Joel, 2000; Abbes et al., 2009). (1969). 29, 867871. Strigolactone inhibition of shoot branching. orthoceras. In addition, inhibitors of ABA catabolism inhibit the germination-triggering effect of host-derived strigolactones. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00477.x, Southwood, O. R. (1971). This approach is based on the selection of naturally occurring mutants that overproduce and excrete an enhanced amount of specific amino acid with broomrape inhibition properties on seed germination and radicle growth (Vurro et al., 2006; Sands and Pilgeram, 2009). This method consists in heating the soil through sun energy achieving temperatures above 45C, by covering a wet soil with transparent polyethylene sheets for a period of 48 weeks during the warmest season (Katan, 1981; Mauro et al., 2015). doi: 10.1006/anbo.1998.0847, Toh, S., Kamiya, Y., Kawakami, N., Nambara, E., McCourt, P., and Tsuchiya, Y. This allows the creosote seedling to establish itself and it will soon outgrow the bursage. Res. doi: 10.1016/j.agee.2007.01.014, Gressel, J. Abu-Irmaileh B. E. (1994). Biol. Successful reduction of broomrape parasitism in the current crop is obtained by intercropping host species with inhibitory species of cereals, fenugreek, or berseem clover (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2007, 2008b, 2010a). Plant Mol. 2022 Feb 5;11(3):438. doi: 10.3390/plants11030438. Bot. Simulation of integrated control strategies for Orobanche spp. ): defence reactions and mechanisms of resistance. Bot. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. Sholmer-Ilan, A. 1), 3437. 2014 Oct 29;62(43):10485-92. doi: 10.1021/jf504609w. There have been some known cases in the Sacramento Valley, but I think its more than reported, Hanson said. Fernndez-Aparicio M, Masi M, Cimmino A, Evidente A. Direct application of strigolactones to the soil has been the subject of intense research. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). doi: 10.1139/B10-057, Lechat, M. M., Brun, G., Montiel, G., Veronesi, C., Simier, P., Thoiron, S., et al. (2007a). "It is a prolific seed producer. Although broomrape pre-vascular connections benefits from host nutrients, the growth of broomrape in its way toward vascular cylinder is mainly sustained by consumption of seed reserves (Aber et al., 1983; Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994; Joel, 2000). Phytochemistry 41, 403406. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2011.09.003, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Moral, A., Kharrat, M., and Rubiales, D. (2012b). Phytochemistry 72, 624634. 58, 11871193. Glutamine synthetase isozymes of Striga hermonthica and other angiosperm root parasites. Metzger, J. Incorporation of sulfosulfuron and rimsulfuron directly to the soil provides successful control of preattached stages of broomrape weeds (Eizenberg et al., 2012). Bot. Sources of natural resistance based on low exudation of germination-inducing factors exist in legumes and sunflower and are highly effective in inhibiting broomrape weed parasitism (Labrousse et al., 2001, 2004; Rubiales et al., 2003b, 2009a; Prez-de-Luque et al., 2005; Sillero et al., 2005; Abbes et al., 2010; Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2012b, 2014). These methods can be classified as cultural and physical, chemical, biological control, and use of host resistance (Rubiales et al., 2009b). The length and temperature required to promote seed conditioning depends on the broomrape species but are usually described under laboratory conditions in a range of 412 days at a temperature of 1923C, in dark and humid conditions (Kebreab and Murdoch, 1999; Gibot-Leclerc et al., 2004; Lechat et al., 2012). Preventing the movement of parasitic seeds from infested to non-infested agricultural fields, by contaminated machinery or seed lots, is crucial (Panetta and Lawes, 2005). The structure and development of the haustorium in parasitic Scrophulariaceae. Reduced germination of Orobanche cumana seeds in the presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi or their exudates. Nature 374, 220221. J. Resistance in AB-VL-8 is . Bot. The first mechanism involved in host specialization is displayed during broomrape germination and is mediated by the broomrape recognition of host root exudates in a species-specific manner. doi: 10.1007/s00425-007-0600-5, Yoneyama, K., Yoneyama, K., Takeuchi, Y., and Sekimoto, H. (2007b). Mechanical force exerted by the haustorium development toward host vascular cylinder combined with enzymatic secretion promotes the separation of host cells without their lysis (Privat, 1960; Ben-Hod et al., 1993; Sholmer-Ilan, 1993; Singh and Singh, 1993; Antonova and Ter Borg, 1996; Bar-Nun et al., 1996; Losner-Goshen et al., 1998; Veronesi et al., 2005). The apical cells in the radicle apex develop into intrusive cells, which successively invade host root cortex, endodermis, and the central cylinder. Weed Sci. 70, 183212. a close related parasitic weed genus, but these hormones are ineffective in promoting germination of broomrape weeds (Lieberman, 1979; Logan and Stewart, 1995; Berner et al., 1999; Joel, 2000; Toh et al., 2012). And even that may not be enough to prevent a resurgence of branched broomrape, which causes crop losses in processing tomatoes of up to 70 percent and even 80 percent. Thidiazuron stimulates germination and ethylene production in Striga hermonthica comparison with the effects of GR24, ethylene and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid. doi: 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2003.12.003. Sauerborn, J. Seed response to strigolactone is controlled by abscisic acid-independent DNA methylation in the obligate root parasitic plant, Phelipanche ramosa L. Pomel. S. J. Ter Borg (Wageningen: LH/VPO), 2534. Bot. 54, 923927. Mol. doi: 10.1016/j.cropro.2010.03.004, Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Garca-Garrido, J. M., Ocampo, J. Plants (Basel). doi: 10.1093/molbev/msu343, Yoder, J. I., and Scholes, J. D. (2010). Due to their achlorophyllous nature, broomrapes are constrained to obtain their nutritional resources by feeding off other plants using the haustorium, an organ unique in parasitic plants through which the parasite diverts water and nutrients from the host (De Candolle, 1813; Kuijt, 1969; Musselman and Dickison, 1975; Westwood, 2013). doi: 10.1021/jf504609w, Cimmino, A., Fernandez-Aparicio, M., Avolio, F., Andolfi, A., Rubiales, D., Yoneyama, K., et al. Often secondary infections by fungi cause early death of broomrape shoots or limit the development of flowers and ovules (Klein and Kroschel, 2002). Parker, C., and Riches, C. R. (1993). The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Abu-Irmaileh, B. E., and Labrada, R. (2009). Parasitic plants Striga and Phelipanche dependent upon exogenous strigolactones for germination have retained genes for strigolactone biosynthesis. Lack of knowledge in the molecular regulation of the host-parasite interaction during crop invasion has impeded the development of varieties carrying transgenes with capacity to inhibit broomrape penetration. 9, 58. Post-germination development in broomrape could be probably regulated by their own broomrape-encoded strigolactones as it occurs in the close related parasite Striga hermonthica or in non-parasitic plants (Liu et al., 2014; Das et al., 2015). This is how can we live with this without huge yield losses. 2022 Mar 23;13:733116. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.733116. Nov 30, 2015. broomrape and bursage relationship. doi: 10.1021/jf030025s, Grenz, J. H., Manschadi, A. M., Uygurc, F. N., and Sauerborn, J. A novel metabolite, ryecyanatine-A recently isolated from rye (Secale cereale L.), presents potential for broomrape control by promoting rapid cessation of broomrape radicle growth and therefore inhibiting its ability to reach the host. Weed Res. Unfortunately this technique represents another example of highly promising broomrape control strategy that has never been validated in field experiments. For each broomrape-crop association, broomrape germination potential is defined by the combination of both, the stimulatory capability of crop root exudates and the sensitivity of parasitic receptors to recognize specific forms of germination-inducing factors (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2008a, 2009b, 2011). Effect of branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) infection on the growth and photosynthesis of tomato. Accessibility excrete enzymes with carbohydrase activity. During the host penetration process, broomrape does not dissolve the host cells in its way toward vascular cylinder. in soils and in solutions. The timing of herbicide application is essential.. 20, 8184. Am. Many other interesting examples of trap crops emerged from a root exudates screening of important crops (Fernndez-Aparicio et al., 2009b). 2020 Sep 11;9(9):1184. doi: 10.3390/plants9091184. The use of several phytopathogenic fungi for broomrape control. doi: 10.1016/1049-9644(92)90021-5, Abbes, Z., Kharrat, M., Delavault, P., Chabi, W., and Simier, P. (2009). Invertases involved in the development of the parasitic plant Phelipanche ramosa: characterization of the dominant soluble acid isoform, PrSAI1. Manage. Cimmino A, Fernndez-Aparicio M, Andolfi A, Basso S, Rubiales D, Evidente A. J Agric Food Chem. Pest Manag. A simple method for stabilizing and granulating fungi. The terminal haustorium develops at the apex of the seedling radicle upon host recognition (Musselman, 1980; Joel and Losner-Goshen, 1994). Plant J. 34, 610619. 109, 181195. Bot. Evaluation of the pathogenicity of microorganisms isolated from Egyptian broomrape (Orobanche aegyptiaca) in Israel. 31, 285289. doi: 10.1006/anbo.1996.0385, Drr, I., and Kollmann, R. (1995). doi: 10.1111/j.1366-9516.2005.00179.x, Parker, C. (2009). Is it compulsory to practice social distancing in London? Emerged small broomrape stalks in a red clover seed production eld. doi: 10.1007/s10535-007-0084-y, Vurro, M., Boari, A., Evidente, A., Andolfi, A., and Zermane, N. (2009). Plants (Basel). 3585999. 10. New Phytol. 28 Articles, This article is part of the Research Topic, Specialized Mechanisms in Broomrape Weeds for a Parasitic Mode of Life, Control Strategies Targeting Underground Broomrape Stages, http://www.terresinovia.fr/orobanche/carte.php, www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPP/IPM/Weeds/Issues/orobanche.htm, www.epa.gov/opprd001/inerts_list4Bname.pdf, Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). doi: 10.5423/PPJ.2004.20.2.081, Hasabi, V., Askari, H., Alavi, S. M., and Zamanizadeh, H. (2014). Epifagus means "upon beech," derived from "epi," upon, and "fagus," the genus of beech; virginiana refers to "Virginia.". However, it is a long-term strategy due to the long viability of seed bank (Rubiales et al., 2009b), which requires at least a nine-course rotation in order to prevent broomrape seed bank increases (Grenz et al., 2005). Ann. Weed Sci. 47, 161166. Crop Prot. doi: 10.1002/ps.2153, Evidente, A., Fernndez-Aparicio, M., Cimmino, A., Rubiales, D., Andolfi, A., and Motta, A. Westwood, J. H., Yu, X., Foy, C. L., and Cramer, C. L. (1998). Science 349, 540543. Aber, M., Fer, A., and Salle, G. (1983). doi: 10.1126/science.aab1140, Dadon, T., Nun, N. B., and Mayer, A. M. (2004). seed germination. 37, 3751. Biol. It is a prolific seed producer. Four broomrape features define the post-attachment herbicidal strategy in comparison with non-parasitic weeds. (2004). Epub 2021 Dec 1. de Saint Germain A, Jacobs A, Brun G, Pouvreau JB, Braem L, Cornu D, Clav G, Baudu E, Steinmetz V, Servajean V, Wicke S, Gevaert K, Simier P, Goormachtig S, Delavault P, Boyer FD. Effect of triiodobenzoic acid on broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) infection and development in tomato plants. (2007b). (2001). Weed Sci. (2009). Nitrogen reduces branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) seed germination. Those mechanisms kill the broomrape either by inducing toxic effects or by starving the parasite. Ivanovi , Marisavljevi D, Marinkovi R, Mitrovi P, Blagojevi J, Nikoli I, Pavlovi D. Plant Pathol J. Increasing control reliability of Orobanche cumana through integration of a biocontrol agent with a resistance-inducing chemical. 48, 163168. Ann. Phelipanche ramosa (L.) Pomel (branched broomrape) is a holoparasitic plant that reproduces on crops and also on weeds, which contributes to increase the parasite seed bank in fields. Dissipation of metham-sodium from soil and its effect on the control of Orobanche aegyptiaca. doi: 10.1007/BF02980855, Prez-de-Luque, A., Moreno, M. T., and Rubiales, D. (2008). Plant Microbe Interact. 65, 566571. a review. Pest Manag. doi: 10.1002/ps.1738. doi: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2005.06.009. (1999). doi: 10.1038/nature07272, USEPA (2004). (1992). Seed dormancy and the control of germination. Weed Res. The first attempts to deplete parasitic weed seed bank was made by Johnson et al. Rev. Joel, D. M. (2000). They are exuded by the crop to the rhizosphere under nutrient deficient conditions in order to promote symbiotic interactions (Akiyama et al., 2005).

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